Sarov
Nizhni Novgorod Region
Gymnasia № 2
The topic of project:
“Outer Space”: Next Frontier
for Proliferation or Forum for Cooperation?
Benchmark III
Student:
Kirill
Kovaldov
Grade
10
Gymnasia
# 2
2007
Benchmark III.
In Benchmark III I am going to use
the knowledge I have gained thus far in Benchmark I and in Benchmark II.
I will try to determine the kinds of issues andor problems that might arise in
the development of space, and how these problems might be contained and
controlled. I will focus on the identification and analysis of scenario for the
future.
The galaxy is in a state of civil
war... The Rebel Alliance has stolen plans to the Galactic Empire's Death Star,
a space station capable of annihilating a planet. The plans were transmitted to
the rebel blockade runner Tantive IV, a ship in the service of Princess Leia
Organa of Alderaan. Imperial stormtroopers take control of the ship, and Darth
Vader arrives to assess the damage. Before she is captured, Leia entrusts the
plans and a holographic recording into a small droid named R2-D2. R2-D2 and his
partner, C-3PO, board an escape pod and crash on the planet Tatooine.
On Tatooine, the droids navigate the desert until
they are captured by Jawas. The next day, the Jawas sell the droids to Owen
Lars and his nephew, Luke Skywalker. Luke accidentally triggers part of the
holographic message, making him suspect that R2-D2 is stolen property belonging
to "Obi-Wan Kenobi." Returning to his garage at sunset, Luke
discovers that R2-D2 has escaped. After finding him, Luke and C-3PO are
attacked by Sandpeople and rescued by Obi-Wan Kenobi. Luke and the droids are
brought to Obi-Wan's hut, where Obi-Wan tells of his days as a Jedi Knight and
reveals to Luke that his father was also a Jedi skilled in a mysterious energy
field called the Force. When Luke asks how his father died, Obi-Wan replies
that he was "betrayed and murdered" by Darth Vader. Finally, they view
the holographic message from Princess Leia, who asks Obi-Wan to take the droid
and the plans to the planet Alderaan. Obi-Wan invites Luke to accompany him to
Alderaan; Luke refuses, citing his household responsibilities. After returning
home, Luke discovers that his family has been murdered and his home has been
destroyed by the Stormtroopers looking for the droids. He returns to Obi-Wan
and decides to go to Alderaan and become a Jedi. At Mos Eisley Spaceport, the
group encounters a smuggler named Han Solo, who agrees to transport them on his
ship, the Millennium Falcon. When Obi-Wan and his companions reach the ship,
they are attacked by Stormtroopers. They hastily board the Millennium Falcon,
make a speedy launch, and dodge attacks in space before escaping to lightspeed.
Meanwhile, Leia has resisted interrogation on the
Death Star. When threatened with the destruction of her home planet of
Alderaan, however, she bluffs and states that the Rebel Base is on Dantooine.
Grand Moff Tarkin destroys Alderaan anyway, as a display of the Death Star's
power. En route to Alderaan, Obi-Wan instructs Luke in the Force. When they
arrive at Alderaan's location, the crew discovers only a hail of debris and a
moon-sized space station - the Death Star. A tractor beam pulls the Falcon into
the Death Star; inside, Obi-Wan attempts to disable it so that the group can
escape. Upon learning that Leia is awaiting execution in a nearby prison cell,
the rest of the group navigates through the station and rescues the princess.
After deactivating the tractor beam, Kenobi engages in a lightsaber duel with
Vader. The duel distracts the guards, allowing Luke and his companions to board
the Falcon. Once he sees that they are safely near the ship, Obi-Wan allows
Vader to strike him down. Luke screams in horror, gaining the attention of the
Stormtroopers, who attack Luke and his companions. So that is the end of the Ep.
IV. http://en.wikipedia.org
So, the main problem in this
movie is a struggle between the Empire and the Republic. And it really doesn’t
matter which side you keep or whether you’re in this war or not because this
war won’t leave you aside. Both the Empire and the Republic seek for allies to
get advantage. Every nation should make a choice.
But is it really good to enter a war? If we
examine all ‘Star Wars’ movies, we’ll find out that the Republic tried to
negotiate at first. But it was not a success, because the Empire always led
those negotiations to armed conflicts. So, the next ‘wise’ choice was to call a
meeting of the representatives of all nations and to decide which sanctions
would be sent against the Empire. That’s what they tried to do but they also
failed. So, I think that the war was inevitable.
And if I was given a chance to write a sequel to
the ‘Star Wars’ story I would write these lines: ‘And then Luke
Skywalker, the jedi master, leaved for the planet of Yavin IV and tried to
restore the balance in Galaxy. He rebuilt ancient Massasi temples and
originated an academy here with the help of his friends from the Republic and
started to spread jedi teachings all over the galaxy seeking the eternal peace.
Many gifted students came to his academy and later turned into great jedis who
were to maintain peace in years to come. But then Luke sensed a disturbance in
the Force and…here goes Ep. VII’
What will
happen if a nation that up to now has not been known to be pursuing a space
program has suddenly announced that it has successfully orbited a ‘military
vehicle’? There will be a response. The first to respond, I think, will be the
countries that are not interested in the one’s nation economic progress. Then
they will activate the ‘chain’. It will be like a chemical reaction. They will
initiate an investigation and, of course, they will try to draw attention of
some international treaties. So,
a lot of ‘examine groups’ will come to the one’s nation to estimate possible
dangers. And then only sanctions and sanctions and sanctions, because orbiting
a ‘military unit’ without a permission of certain treaties is an extraordinary
act that endangers everyone.
http://www.tuvy.com/chinese/info/flag
The scope of
mankind's activities has experienced expansion from land to ocean, from ocean
to atmosphere, and from atmosphere to outer space. Space technology, which
emerged in the 1950s, opened up a new era of man's exploration of outer space.
Having developed rapidly for about half a century, mankind's space activities
have scored remarkable achievements, greatly promoted the development of social
productivity and progress, and produced profound and far-reaching effects.
Space technology has turned out to be one field of high technology that exerts
the most profound influence on modern society. The continuous development and
application of space technology has become an important endeavor in the
modernization drive of countries all over the world.
The Chinese nation created a
glorious civilization in the early stage of mankind's history. The gunpowder
"rocket" invented by ancient Chinese was the embryo of modern space
rockets. After the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, China
carried out space activities on its own, and succeeded in developing and
launching its first man-made satellite in 1970. China has made eye-catching
achievements, and now ranks among the world's most advanced countries in some
important fields of space technology.
In the 21st century, China
will continue to promote the development of its space industry in the light of
its national situation, and make due contributions to the peaceful use of outer
space, and to the civilization and progress of mankind.
At the turn of the
century, it is of significance to give a brief introduction to the aims and
principles, present situation, future development and international cooperation
concerning China’s space activities.
Since its birth in 1956,
China's space program has gone through several important stages of development:
arduous pioneering, overall development in all related fields, reform and
revitalization, and international cooperation.
Now
it has reached a considerable scale and level. A comprehensive system of
research, design, production and testing has been formed. Space centers capable
of launching satellites of various types and manned spacecraft as well as a
Telemetry Tracking and Command network consisting of ground stations across the country
and tracking and telemetry ships are in place.
A number of satellite application systems have
been established and have yielded remarkable social and economic benefits.
A
space science research system of a fairly high level has been set up and many
innovative achievements have been made. And a contingent of qualified space
scientists and technicians has come to the fore.
China's space industry was
developed on the basis of weak infrastructure industries and a relatively backward
scientific and technological level, under special national and historical
conditions. In the process of carrying out space activities independently,
China has opened a road of development unique to its national situation and
scored a series of important achievements with relatively small input and
within a relatively short span of time.
Now,
China ranks among the most advanced countries in the world in many important
technological fields, such as satellite recovery, multi-satellite launch with a
single rocket, rockets with cryogenic fuel, strap-on rockets and launch of
geo-stationary satellites. Significant achievements have also been gained in
the development and application of remote- sensing satellites and
telecommunications satellites, and in manned spacecraft testing and space
micro-gravity experiments.
China attaches
importance to developing all kinds of application satellites and satellite
application technology, and has made great progress in satellite
remote-sensing, satellite telecom and satellite navigation. Remote-sensing and
telecommunications satellites account for about 71% of the total number of
satellites developed and launched by China. These satellites have been widely
utilized in all aspects of economy, science and technology, culture, and
national defense, and yielded remarkable social and economic returns. Related
departments of the state have also made active use of foreign application
satellites for application technology studies, with satisfactory results.
http://images.yandex.ru
After regaining
independence in 1947 India focused all its energy in nation building, focused
on economic and industrial development fully understanding the key role of
science and technology. Indian rocketry was reborn thanks to technological
vision of Prime Minster Jawaharlal Nehru. Proffessor Vikram Sarabhai took the
challenge of realizing this dream. Professor Vikram Sarabhai was an able leader
and visionary who gave shape to modern Indian rocketry and space endeavors. As
Dr. APJ Kalam said "Many individual with myopic vision questioned the
relevance of space activities in a newly independent nation, which was finding
it difficult to feed its population. Their vision was clear if Indians were to
play meaningful role in the
community of nations, they must be second to none in the application of
advanced technologies to their real-life problems. They had no intention of
using it as a mean to display our might".
INCOSPAR (Indian
Committee for Space Research) lead by Prof Sarabhai was then part of Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) (lead by it's director MGK Menon). In
1962 INCOSPAR took the decision to setup Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching
Station (TERLS) at Thumba (Trivandrum also known as Thiruvananthapuram) on the
southern tip of India very close to earth's magnetic equator. Dr. APJ Abdul
Kalam (now President of Indian Republic) was amongst the initial team of rocket
engineer forming the INCOSPAR. The initial team went to America for 6 months
training program on sounding rocket launching techniques. Upon launching the
first sounding rocket (Nike-Apache) on the 21 of November, 1963, Proffessor Sarabhai
shared with his team his dream of an Indian Satellite Launch Vehicle.
The Rohini
Sounding Rocket (RSR) program to develop indigenously developed and fabricated
sounding rockets launched the first single-stage Rohini (RH-75) rocket (32 Kg
rocket with 7 Kg payload to ~10 Km altitude) in 1967, followed by a two-stage
Rohini rocket (100 kg payload to over 320
Km altitude). Apart from Indian payload, sounding
rockets from many other countries (including USA, Russia, Japan, France and
Germany) were also lunched from Thumba, as part of mutual international
collaboration. TERLS developed infrastructure for all aspects of rocketry,
ranging from rocket design, rocket propellant, rocket motor casting,
integration, payload-assembly, testing, evaluation besides building subsystems
like payload housing and jettisonable nose cone. Fiber Reinforced Plastics
composite materials for nosecone were used in early programs at TERLS.
Recognizing the immense
socio-economic benefits of space technology in 1969 full steam go ahead was
given for launching satellite launch vehicles and large rockets, Sriharikota
situated on the east coast of south India (100 Km north of Chennai) was chosen
as Rocket Launch Station (SHAR RLS) for launching satellite launch vehicles and
large rockets to leverage from earths rotational velocity from west to east. On
the 15 of August, 1969, INCOSPAR was reconstituted and Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO) was created under Department of Atomic Agency (DEA) to
conduct space research and application. Prof Vikram Sarabhai had hand picked a
team to realize an Indian Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV). The shoestring budget
for R&D and space program forced ISRO to seek participation from civilian
industry since its early days. In 1972 the Indian Government set up the Space
Commission and entrusted Department of Space (DOS) with responsibility for conducting the country's
space activities. While ISRO is main developer of launcher and satellite
systems, it is complemented by two separate agencies INSAT (Telecommunications)
and IRS (Remote Sensing). All of ISRO's commercial and marketing activities are
handled by Antrix Corp. Ltd, which was created on November 1992 by ISRO.
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Political
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Social
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China will lose points in
‘Economics’, ’Social stability’, ‘Political stability’, ‘Economic’ growth. It
can be explained by sanctions that may be sent against China because of its’
aggressive behavior.
Do you want to make it look like that?
Or, may be, like that ?
Try to imagine a world where the weather went mad and human beings were
threatened. Just imagine that all humanity relied just on a ‘weather-control’
satellite. And then it’s being attacked and taken down by terrorists. What will
happen? Will everything go crazy? Yes, it will, because weather is a vital
aspect of our existence.
Let’s
try to cover the whole incident.
The first thing is that attack was a total surprise. So, it was a shock.
A lot of people probably got confused and started to panic. So a lot of noise
and rising dust and all and all and all. Where was the government (as an
example we may take a single country or the whole world)? Of course, the
officials initiated a full-scale immediate investigation to trace suspected
culprits (terrorists). Was it to help? May be yes. Also the government would
try to flood the areas of ‘panic’ with military units to shut down all panic
and to prevent possible accidents.
But still we have a major problem to solve. It’s the weather. Let’s assume
that the destroyed satellite was all high-tech and to build it all the mankind
came through a lot of inconveniences and hardships. I bet the government won’t
be able to send another satellite into an orbit. Even in these conditions they
have to build a new satellite to survive.
You will agree
that the space program has a positive impact on our daily lives. Our desire to
explore life beyond our own planet has pushed us to create amazing machines to
help us along that journey. But we must keep in mind that these machines are to be our assistants and helpmates.
It
is clear to everybody that a wide discussion
must take place somewhere in the future of the positive experience of
developing space technologies in the interests of national economy development,
questions related to a long-term prospect of utilizing Moon resources in the
interests of Earth’s ecologically clean power engineering development.
Being a Russian citizen I can say that
our country’s achievements in space exploration must be used to promote
Russia's economic development.
"Achievements made in space must
benefit Russian regions, and promote their economic development and the
introduction of the most advanced know-how," our presedent V. Putin said
once.
He said
"Russia's geographical and geopolitical features, vast territory, long
borders and rich natural resources must be handled effectively with the use of
our growing space potential."
We
understand that although positive changes are taking place, Russia still has
much to do to achieve real success.
"The space industry must develop at an accelerating
rate, stimulating progress in other economic sectors and becoming an instrument
for solving many other important tasks, strengthening Russia's information
space, and developing telecommunications and navigation systems," Putin
said. The space industry must ensure effective prospecting and rational
utilization of natural resources and enhance the prediction of natural
disasters, he said.
In
one of the interviews the president said that international cooperation in
space research is extremely important for jointly solving economic, scientific
and environmental problems. "Space programs are one of the key factors of
our development. They guarantee Russia's high status as a country of advanced
know-how, and undoubtedly play an important role in strengthening the country's
national security and economy, and in making Russia more competitive,"
Putin said. www.gateway2russia.com
I am sure
that any president of any country thinking about he future of his country can say the same words.
To my mind the
exploration of space is one of the most ambitious scientific and technological
endeavours ever undertaken.We respects the expectations of international
partners, and we strongly support and believe in the value of international
cooperation in space.
http://en.rian.ru/world/20070203/60160879.html
BIBLIOGRAPHY
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Death_Star.jpg
4. http://www.tuvy.com/chinese/info/flag
7. www.ea.com
8. http://en.rian.ru/world/20070203/60160879.html